Microbiology

Background

Microbiology is a complex scientific study which encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology and parasitology. It is a study mainly focused on microorganisms, which can be single cell, cell colony, or lacking cells. They also can be divided by bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as microbes. These microbes play an important role in biodegradation/biodeterioration, nutrient cycling, food spoilage, climate change, the cause and control of disease, and biotechnology.

Research Area of Microbiology in Different Species

• Yeasts

Yeasts, eukaryotic and single-celled microorganisms, is classified as members of the fungus.

• Candida albicans (C. albicans), are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans.
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae(S. cerevisiae) converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols by fermentation. Products of this reaction have been used in baking and the production of alcoholic beverages for thousands of years.
• S. cerevisiae is also an important model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly studied eukaryotic microorganisms.

• Escherichia coli (E. coli)

E. coli is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism, and important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology.

• Some serotypes of E. coli can cause serious food poisoning, as well as are occasionally responsible for food contamination incidents that prompt product recalls.
• The harmless strains of E. coli can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and prevent colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a mutualistic relationship.
• Cells can survive outside the body for a limited time, which makes E. coli potential indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination.

• Bacteriophage

Bacteriophage, also known as phage, belongs to virus which infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.

• The genomes of bacteriophages may encode as few as four genes, such as MS2, and as many as hundreds of genes. Bacteriophages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm.
• Bacteriophages interact with the immune system indirectly by bacterial expression of phage-encoded proteins and directly by influencing innate immunity and bacterial clearance.
• Bacteriophages have been used as an alternative to antibiotics. They are considered as the possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria - phage therapy.

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